َلرِّجَالُ قَوَّامُوْنَ عَلَى النِّسَاۤءِ بِمَا فَضَّلَ اللّٰهُ بَعْضَهُمْ عَلٰى بَعْضٍ وَّبِمَآ اَنْفَقُوْا مِنْ اَمْوَالِهِمْ ۗ فَالصّٰلِحٰتُ قٰنِتٰتٌ حٰفِظٰتٌ لِّلْغَيْبِ بِمَا حَفِظَ اللّٰهُ ۗوَالّٰتِيْ تَخَافُوْنَ نُشُوْزَهُنَّ فَعِظُوْهُنَّ وَاهْجُرُوْهُنَّ فِى الْمَضَاجِعِ وَاضْرِبُوْهُنَّ ۚ فَاِنْ اَطَعْنَكُمْ فَلَا تَبْغُوْا عَلَيْهِنَّ سَبِيْلًا ۗاِنَّ اللّٰهَ كَانَ عَلِيًّا كَبِيْرًا
“Laki-laki itu penguat bagi perempuan, karena Allah telah melebihkan sebagian mereka atas sebagian yang lain, dan karena mereka (laki-laki) telah memberikan nafkah dari hartanya. Maka perempuan-perempuan yang saleh adalah mereka yang taat (kepada Allah) dan menjaga diri ketika (suaminya) tidak ada, karena Allah telah menjaga (mereka). Perempuan-perempuan yang kamu khawatirkan akan nusyuz, hendaklah kamu beri nasihat kepada mereka, tinggalkanlah mereka di tempat tidur (pisah ranjang), dan (kalau perlu) pukullah mereka. Tetapi jika mereka menaatimu, maka janganlah kamu mencari-cari alasan untuk menyusahkannya. Sungguh, Allah Mahatinggi, Mahabesar” QS. An-Nisa’: 34
Kata (qawwam) didefinisikan dengan berbagai arti ada yang mengartikan sebagai pemimpin, pelindung, pelayan, penjaga, mitra, teman, sekutu dan sebagainya. Baik dalam makna struktural maupun fungsional. Sebab, seorang “kawan” (qawwam) memiliki semua makna dan fungsi-fungsi itu.
Yang harus digaris bawahi, kata (qawwam) tidak mengandung unsur egoisme dan saling merendahkan, bahwa yang satu lebih mulia. Lebih baik. Lebih pantas. Lebih berhak. Lebih tinggi derajat, dan sebagainya. Namun, tafsir ayat An-Nisa 34 sering digiring untuk memposisikan superioritas jenis kelamin tertentu, khususnya pada momentum suksesi kepemimpinan. Padahal, dibanyak ayat lain, Allah senantiasa menekankan elemen taqwa sebagai penentu kelebihan seseorang.
Seluruh Nabi dan Rosul adalah laki-laki karena memang Allah lebih mengetahui bahwa laki – laki yang lebih pantas dalam mengemban amanah ke-Rosulan. Namun Alquran juga mengisahkan sejumlah perempuan yang mendapat wahyu, seperti ibu Nabi Musa as: wa awhaina ila Ummi Musa an ardhi’ihi (QS. Al-Qashash: 7). Juga mampu berbicara dengan Jibril, seperti Maryam (QS. Maryam: 16-21).
Secara historis, kita menemukan figur – figur perempuan yang memimpin secara adil. Baik sebelum masa Nabi Muhammad SAW (i.e. Balqis) maupun pada masa Nabi Muhammad SAW (i.e. Khadijah). Setelah Rosulullah SAW wafat (ada sejumlah dinasti dan negara dalam sejarah Islam yang turut dipimpin perempuan). Kepemimpinan perempuan juga sama seperti laki-laki. Ada yang gagal. Ada yang sukses.
Laki dan Perempuan, Keduanya “Pemimpin”
Sebagai seorang (qawwam), sebagaimana tersebut dalam sambungan ayat 34 surah An-Nisa di atas, laki-laki punya kelebihan. Demikian juga perempuan. Keduanya saling melengkapi. Sama-sama dilebihkan atas yang lain. Disinilah pentingnya kearifan, untuk memahami posisi “kawan” (qawwam) baik dalam konteks struktural, maupun relasional/fungsional.
Baik laki-laki maupun perempuan, keduanya leader. Nabi SAW bersabda,. “Setiap kamu adalah pemimpin dan setiap pemimpin bertanggungjawab atas kepemimpinannya” (HR. Bukhari). Jadi, secara fungsional, semuanya pemimpin. Kepemimpinan tidak didasari jenis kelamin an sich.
Namun, jika kita masuk dalam teori leadership lebih lanjut, kepemimpinan juga terbagi atas beberapa karakter dan kebutuhan. Sederhananya, ada posisi kepemimpinan yang disebut “leader”. Ada posisi yang disebut “manajer”. Keduanya pemimpin, tapi dalam fungsi yang relatif berbeda.
Leader, cenderung dalam skala luas. Dia memimpin, mengarahkan, membimbing, atau mempengaruhi dengan visi besar: kemana harus melangkah. Sementara manager, bertugas membangun detil gerak dari visi seorang leader. Manajer menata, mengatur, dan mengelola setiap sumberdaya organisasi secara teknis. Visi besar leader sulit terwujud, tanpa keahlian operasional seorang manajer.
Leader itu hebat, ibarat presiden/gubernur/bupati, mampu memetakan tujuan. Tapi lemah dalam tata kelola keseharian. Makanya butuh manajer. Begitu pula manager, ibarat kepala SKPD, hebat dalam urusan teknikal. Tapi butuh visi pimpinan untuk membingkai semua gerak.
Laki-laki secara alamiah, cenderung suka bermimpi, membangun visi, atau merancang dan mengejar hal-hal besar. Tapi malas mengatur hal teknis. Laki-laki itu leader, dengan segala kelebihan dan kelemahannya. Sementara perempuan, itu manager. Sehingga, secara alamiah kita temukan, mereka cakap dalam menyusul detil. Dalam rumah tangga misalnya, tata kelola keuangan dan lainnya; biasanya hanya bisa rapi dan terarah jika dikelola perempuan. Perempuanlah pengatur yang paling kentara dirasa dalam sebuah keluarga. Karena ia begitu dekat, spesifik dan detil dalam memonitor anak-anaknya. Sementara si ayah, setelah kasih uang, biasanya langsung menghilang, minum kopi. Tidak mau tau teknis di rumah tangga.
Ada satu karakteristik unik dari masing mereka. Laki-laki secara umum memang tipe “leader”. Sementara perempuan kuat di “manager”. Keduanya memiliki makna pemimpin. Atas dasar inilah, kedua mereka harus disatukan.
Maka secara alamiah (atau mungkin juga tradisi) kita temukan dalam rumah tangga, seorang suami menduduki “posisi struktural” yang lebih tinggi. Karena ia dominan dengan karakter leadernya (visinya harus didengar). Dengan demikian, bertugas mencari sumber-sumber keuangan atau “memberi nafkah” (wa bima anfaqu min amwalihim, QS. An-Nisa’ 34). Sementara seorang istri shalihah berposisi sebagai manager, ‘berada di rumah’, atau mengelola harta (qanitatun hafidhatun lil ghaibi, QS An-Nisa’: 35). Wallahu a’lamibisshowab.
Udin Al Ahibab~
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semoga kita sekalian bisa ditemukan dengan pasangan terbaik, amin
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